Iowa, with its diverse habitats ranging from prairies and forests to wetlands and rivers, is home to a surprising variety of snakes. While some inspire fear, most are harmless and play vital roles in the ecosystem. This guide explores the common snakes found in Iowa, highlighting their identifying characteristics, habitats, and behaviors. Understanding these creatures can help foster appreciation and responsible coexistence.
Identifying Iowa's Common Snakes
Iowa's snake population is relatively diverse, although venomous species are few. Accurate identification is crucial, particularly to distinguish harmless snakes from venomous ones. Never handle a snake unless you are absolutely certain of its identity and possess the proper handling techniques.
Harmless Snakes:
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Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis): This is arguably Iowa's most common snake. Highly variable in color, they often have three distinct stripes running the length of their bodies—a dorsal stripe and two lateral stripes. However, color morphs exist, with some exhibiting nearly uniform coloration. They are active swimmers and are often found near water sources. They primarily feed on amphibians, small fish, and other invertebrates.
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Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon): Often mistaken for venomous cottonmouths, northern water snakes are readily identifiable by their keeled scales (scales with a ridge down the center) and variable coloration patterns. Their color ranges from dark brown to reddish-brown, often with dark crossbands. They prefer aquatic habitats and are excellent swimmers. Their diet consists largely of fish, frogs, and other aquatic creatures.
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Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis): A striking, slender snake, the smooth green snake is bright grass-green in color. It has smooth scales, lacking the keels found on many other species. This snake is primarily found in grasslands and open areas and feeds on insects and other small invertebrates.
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Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix): Similar to the Eastern Garter Snake, but generally with more pronounced lateral stripes and a yellow or orange belly. It prefers drier habitats than its eastern cousin.
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Racer (Coluber constrictor): Racers are long, slender snakes known for their speed and agility. They can be various shades of brown, gray, or black. They are excellent climbers and often found in woodlands and grasslands. Their diet consists of small mammals, lizards, and other snakes.
Venomous Snakes (Iowa has only one truly venomous snake):
- Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus): This is the only venomous snake commonly found in Iowa. It is relatively small compared to other rattlesnakes, with a stout body and characteristic rattle at the end of its tail. Its coloration is typically brown or grayish-brown with dark brown or black crossbands. They prefer wetland habitats and are less common than many of the harmless species. Exercise extreme caution when encountering this snake.
Habitats and Distribution
The snakes found in Iowa occupy a variety of habitats, reflecting the state's diverse landscape. Garter snakes, for example, are found near water sources throughout the state, while smooth green snakes prefer grasslands and open areas. Rattlesnakes tend to be concentrated in wetland and prairie regions.
Coexistence and Conservation
Most snakes in Iowa play crucial roles in controlling rodent and insect populations, contributing to a healthy ecosystem. It is vital to appreciate their importance and practice responsible coexistence. Avoid handling snakes unless you're a trained professional and always maintain a safe distance from venomous species.
If you encounter a snake, observe it from a distance and allow it to move on naturally. Supporting habitat conservation efforts helps ensure the survival of these fascinating creatures.
Conclusion
Iowa's snake diversity, while relatively modest compared to more southerly states, offers a glimpse into the fascinating world of herpetology. By understanding the common species, their habitats, and their behaviors, we can foster responsible interaction and appreciation for these often-misunderstood creatures. Remember, responsible observation is key to ensuring the safety of both humans and wildlife.
